Social Media’s Negative Effect on Academic Performance Free Essays

Social Media’s Negative Effect on Academic Performance Researchers with the Miriam Hospital’s Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine say social media has a negative impact on academic performance of freshmen students, the Science Daily reported. Researchers show a link between social media and academic performance among the freshmen in a study, which is the first of its kind. The study looked at students engaged in any form of media use including texting, music, the Internet and social networking. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media’s Negative Effect on Academic Performance or any similar topic only for you Order Now The study shows an average freshmen woman spends 12 hours every day engaged in any form of media use. The impact of such indulgence results in poor academic performance. Researchers, however, excluded listening to music and reading newspapers as it boosts academic performance unlike other forms of media. â€Å"Most research on media use and academics has focused on adolescents, rather than new college students, or has only examined a few forms of media. So we were curious about the impact of a wider range of media, including activities like social networking and texting that have only become popular in recent years,† said lead author Jennifer L. Walsh, PhD, of The Miriam Hospital’s Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine. â€Å"We also wanted to know how media use related to later school performance, since there aren’t many longitudinal studies looking at media use and academics. † For the study, Walsh and her colleagues interviewed 483 freshmen women during from a northeast university. Researchers noted 11 different forms of media use that had an impact on academics, which included television, movies, music, surfing the Internet, social networking, talking on a cell phone, texting, magazines, newspapers, non-school-related books and video games. Students were asked to report an average time spent on any forms of media throughout the previous week. Students were also asked to report their grades in the academics for the fall and spring semesters and their intellectual confidence, behavior and troubles, the report said. As a result, researchers listed that cell phones, social networking, television and magazines had severe impact on students’ academic results for their fall semesters. Walsh further noted that students who spent more time engaging in these forms of media, had â€Å"fewer academic behaviors, such as completing homework and attending class, lower academic confidence and more problems affecting their school work, like lack of sleep and substance use. † Researchers noted that the major use of social media among the students was found to be more on campus than off. Walsh suggested that professors could use social media as a means of communicating with their students in reminding of their assignments and referring them to helpful resources that could fetch them higher grades in academics. Also limiting media use within the college campus, especially in classrooms could go a long way, researchers said. The findings were reported online by the journal  Emerging Adulthood. Copyright @ Headlines Global News. http://www. hngn. com/articles/1929/20130415/social-medias-negative-effect-academic-performance. htm How to cite Social Media’s Negative Effect on Academic Performance, Papers

Social Media’s Negative Effect on Academic Performance Free Essays

Social Media’s Negative Effect on Academic Performance Researchers with the Miriam Hospital’s Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine say social media has a negative impact on academic performance of freshmen students, the Science Daily reported. Researchers show a link between social media and academic performance among the freshmen in a study, which is the first of its kind. The study looked at students engaged in any form of media use including texting, music, the Internet and social networking. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media’s Negative Effect on Academic Performance or any similar topic only for you Order Now The study shows an average freshmen woman spends 12 hours every day engaged in any form of media use. The impact of such indulgence results in poor academic performance. Researchers, however, excluded listening to music and reading newspapers as it boosts academic performance unlike other forms of media. â€Å"Most research on media use and academics has focused on adolescents, rather than new college students, or has only examined a few forms of media. So we were curious about the impact of a wider range of media, including activities like social networking and texting that have only become popular in recent years,† said lead author Jennifer L. Walsh, PhD, of The Miriam Hospital’s Centers for Behavioral and Preventive Medicine. â€Å"We also wanted to know how media use related to later school performance, since there aren’t many longitudinal studies looking at media use and academics. † For the study, Walsh and her colleagues interviewed 483 freshmen women during from a northeast university. Researchers noted 11 different forms of media use that had an impact on academics, which included television, movies, music, surfing the Internet, social networking, talking on a cell phone, texting, magazines, newspapers, non-school-related books and video games. Students were asked to report an average time spent on any forms of media throughout the previous week. Students were also asked to report their grades in the academics for the fall and spring semesters and their intellectual confidence, behavior and troubles, the report said. As a result, researchers listed that cell phones, social networking, television and magazines had severe impact on students’ academic results for their fall semesters. Walsh further noted that students who spent more time engaging in these forms of media, had â€Å"fewer academic behaviors, such as completing homework and attending class, lower academic confidence and more problems affecting their school work, like lack of sleep and substance use. † Researchers noted that the major use of social media among the students was found to be more on campus than off. Walsh suggested that professors could use social media as a means of communicating with their students in reminding of their assignments and referring them to helpful resources that could fetch them higher grades in academics. Also limiting media use within the college campus, especially in classrooms could go a long way, researchers said. The findings were reported online by the journal  Emerging Adulthood. Copyright @ Headlines Global News. http://www. hngn. com/articles/1929/20130415/social-medias-negative-effect-academic-performance. htm How to cite Social Media’s Negative Effect on Academic Performance, Papers

Designing a Health Research Project

Question: Explain designing a health research project. Answer: The evaluation plan has been designed for maternal education. 1. Steps undertaken in planning the proposed evaluation For the success of this evaluation program, fortnightly coordination, as well as re-supply meetings, has to be carried out with the objective of problem solving, sharing of information and rotations through the maternity unit (Sutcuoglu et al., 2012). The preparation for the evaluation of this module will comprise of several steps. The initial step of the evaluation includes the context along with the background of the part to be assessed. This augments the understanding of what is to be evaluated by the individuals who will be involved in the process of evaluation. The second step is concerned with the establishment of the objectives of the evaluation, such as the complete course of the process of evaluation will be lined up with meeting the objectives of the evaluation (Posavac, 2015). The third step of the evaluation extends over the methods and designs which are to be employed in the collection of essential data for the process of evaluation. This includes factors such as collection of data, sampling, significance testing and analysis of data (Grembowski, 2015). The fourth step includes the selection of the background in which the process of evaluation will take place. The fifth step is involved with the selection of participants to be used in the process of evaluation; the number of participants in this evaluation will be 55. The seventh step includes the inferring of findings and results which will be arrived during the process of evaluation (Grembowski, 2015). 2. Evaluation research question The research question which is to be focused on this evaluation is, whether the fortnightly coordination, as well as re-supply meetings occurring in this, is making sure the sharing of information, solving problems and rotations through the maternity unit. The aim of this program of evaluation is to reveal the efficiency of the re-supply meetings and fortnightly coordination held in the slum areas of Kathmandu in assuring the recognition of the objective of sharing information among the pregnant women, helping them in solving problems associated with maternity. Diverse reasons are provided for this purpose. The first reason for the program of evaluation includes the fact that the NGO requires expediency, cost reduction and rapidity. This can be attained through the carrying out meetings with several women along with their families and share information which will enhance the reduction of the rate of morbidity and mortality in the slum areas of Kathmandu (Nepal) (Donaldson, 2012). Fundamentally the efficiency of the meetings with the respondents needs to be evaluated in order to discover the actual state of the program. The second reason for the evaluation is to make certain that this program provides a foundation for sharing of essential information among the women and their families so that the accurate result are arrived at with respect to the enhance the rate of solving problems associated with maternity (Royse et al., 2015). This works in the direction of attaining necessary information regarding the assessments that were carried out during the initial establishment of the NGO in the previous year, equipped every member of the staff with the required proficiency for working in any section of the maternity unit (Munoz, 2013). The fourth reason encompasses the information that places the objectives of the program of evaluation have to be met subsequent to its initiation, such that the majority of the women who were not able to completely make use of the services that are provided by this program along with the assessment of the services provided to the pregnant women. This requires an evaluation of the meetings with the women and their families that has been carried out over the previous year, as they should outline the basis for accomplishing the set objectives for the entire program of evaluation (Whittaker et al., 2012). Research Methodology The most relevant research methodology to be employed in the process of evaluation encompasses steps such as informed consent, recruitment, and sampling along with the collection of data and analysis of data. The process of evaluation will include coordination and meetings with the respondents for introducing the idea of evaluation to the staff of the program (ÄÂ ±nar et al., 2016). This will assist in the selection of suitable participants which will be utilized in the process of sampling. The process of recruitment will include those participants who are familiar with the maternity unit if this program such that the team which is intended for evaluation can visit the relevant areas allocated to them. After the process of recruitment, the evaluation team will get informed consent from the members recruited in the course of evaluation (Cousins et al., 2014). For this evaluation quantitative as well as qualitative methods will be utilized. The quantitative analysis will be performed by carrying out a survey of a large number of respondents. The survey will be carried out with the help of a questionnaire. On the other hand qualitative method is concerned with the enhancement of the products and services. Therefore, both these methods are appropriate for this evaluation (Boulmetis Dutwin 2014). The entire participants will be given an alternative of not participating in the process of evaluation. The collection of data will comprise of the drafting of a setting questionnaire in English and after that, it is translated in the local language which is utilized in the slum areas of Kathmandu. In that questionnaire, there will be questions related to the maternal care, the information type shared in the meetings, the problems which they have faced or are facing, the most efficient methods solving the problems and the advantages of birth at hospital vs. birth at home. The questions that will be provided are to be partly structured such that diverse answers will be obtained from the respondents (Sutcuoglu et al., 2012). The questionnaire will also encompass questions like how the NGO is performing in enhancing the rate of maternal education since the last year and is to what level it has reached till now in providing maternal education in the slum areas. They will also be asked to give feedback regarding the performance of the NGO till now (Flagg, 2013). An audit of the records of the program up until this year will be taken into consideration, in these records, the different cases along with the number of pregnant women and delivered children will reveal the implementation and succession of the program till now and can help to know the capabilities of the program (Grembowski, 2015). The material for the delivery of education will also be assessed to recognize the effectiveness of the program, and the respondents will be enquired that whether the material for the delivery of education is effective for or them to gain knowledge regarding maternal education (Dickson Saunders, 2014). In the meetings, the personnel of the program of evaluation will work as observers and will participate minimally for the accurate documenting of the necessary information obtained. The majority of the meetings are carried out utilizing the local language; therefore, the observers will be allowed to capture photos and will be conceded with an apparent command of the local language (Sutcuoglu et al., 2012). A clear explanation of the materials, activities, participants, essential information and methods utilized will be inclusively documented. The analysis of data will be conducted utilizing the Stata Version 8 with the objective of measuring the practicality of the answers that are provided with the help of the questionnaires. The responses or answers will be labeled 1 or and the final results will be provided in a table form for a convenient understanding (Schalock Thornton, 2013). Justification for the chosen methodology The methodology of this evaluation program is flexible and encompasses the contribution of the respondents who possess the high and low levels of literacy. This methodology includes attending the meetings by the personnel of the program of evaluation. This provides a foundation for the apparent surveillance of what the meetings involves and the efficiency of the procedures performed in the meetings (Dickson Saunders, 2014). The observers may manage to obtain the required photographs for constructing a comprehensible presentation of the evaluation statistics with the help of a PowerPoint presentation when required by the NGO in charge of the program. The recruitment of participants from the meeting is necessary, as they will present the exact type of information required due to their constant contribution throughout the set meetings (Brinkerhoff et al., 2012). From the participants, attainment for knowledgeable consent from the members is elementary for the success of the process of evaluation. This is for the reason that concerning the participants who are not willing to make available any information for the augmentation of appropriate results will lead to an exploitation of resources and attainment of the incorrect kind of information (Cousins et al., 2014). The process of sampling facilitates the personnel of the evaluation to move towards the accurate number of participants who assist in the process of evaluation as concerning the entire population might be considered extremely expensive on the part of the evaluation committee (Spaulding, 2014). The method used in the collection of is feasible for extracting information from the different types of respondents because those with low levels of literacy will be an interviewer who can help them in completing the questionnaires (Munoz, 2013). The questionnaires having a partial structure, accords the participants with the alternative of responding to the questions or providing their own answers (Dickson Saunders, 2014). Simultaneously, the participants can give more than one of the answers presented in the questionnaires to enhance the reliability of the provided information (Flagg, 2013). Providing the questionnaires in English as well as local language minimizes the need for understanding which necessitates an elevated number of interviewers. This work is headed for the lessening of expenses in the course of the process of evaluation (Grembowski, 2015). The method used for the analysis of data is efficient particularly in realizing precise outcomes. This will assist in obtaining the correct data which is necessary for making the accurate recommendations after the process of evaluation has been completed. The above aspects justify the practicality of the research methodology chosen for the process of evaluation (ÄÂ ±nar et al., 2016). While conducting this process of evaluation, it is essential to track a logical or universal approach where the ethical issues are considered. The ethical considerations are important to validate the research study and the results. It helps to verify the uniformity and reliability of the research study on the foundation of authentic records collected from the respondents. The data collected for this evaluation process will be exclusively utilized for evaluation purpose, and the confidentiality shall be maintained in every possible way (Oermann Gaberson, 2013). Two safeguards to maximize the credibility and reliability data collected The two most important limitations of the process of evaluation include the changeability of the information provided by means of the questionnaires along with the size of the sample. The inconsistency of information provided through the questionnaires is for the reason that the participants interpret diverse meaning in compliance to the information provided by means of the meetings (Whittaker et al., 2012). This affirms for the provision of an apparent, effectual as well as succinct safeguard that can work towards the intensification of inconsistency in the given answers. Consequently, the personnel of evaluation should make sure that they must be present at more meetings that will assist in recognizing where the inconsistency in the answers comes from (Sutcuoglu et al., 2012). The participants should be essentially subjected to a different survey that encompasses the similar questionnaires but this time, they will be recommended to provide responses that are based on the provided options. This will facilitate the team of evaluation to assess the similar types of answers relatively than relying on the unwritten answers that will be provided by the participants. With respect to the size of the sample, the evaluation team must also conduct an additional survey involving diverse participants to obtain different results (Cousins et al., 2014). References Boulmetis, J., Dutwin, P. (2014).The ABCs of evaluation: Timeless techniques for program and project managers(Vol. 56). Brinkerhoff, R. O., Brethower, D. M., Nowakowski, J., Hluchyj, T. (Eds.). (2012). ÄÂ ±nar, M., Timur, H., Aksoy, R. T., Gzel, A. ÄÂ °., Tokmak, A., Bedir FÄÂ ±ndÄÂ ±k, R., Uygur, D. (2016). Cousins, J. B., Goh, S. C., Elliott, C. J., Bourgeois, I. (2014). Dickson, R., Saunders, M. (2014). Developmental evaluation: Lessons for evaluative practice from the SEARCH Program.Evaluation,20(2), 176-194.

Slam and Euphoria Flashcard

Slam and Euphoria

Sample Essay of Ethical Situations of Narcotic Officers

Sample Essay of Ethical Situations of Narcotic OfficersIf you have recently read a sample essay of ethical situations of narcotic officers and would like to know how to go about writing your own sample essay, you have come to the right place. There are different formats available for the essay that will allow you to write something unique. These essays are designed to take into account the several situations that narcotic officers encounter on a daily basis, while on the job.A sample essay of ethical situations of narcotic officers is always based on the person's experiences, but one should also look into writing it in a way that they can relate to it when it comes to the reader. The person that writes these samples usually begins the essay with a statement of purpose. In other words, it is based on the purpose of the essay which is to prepare the person to write an original essay, similar to that which a teacher uses to teach their students.The sample essay of ethical situations of narcotic officers are just that; sample. The person that writes the sample should not expect anything more than that. Writing an essay does not always give you the answers to all of your questions; however, you must remember that you are going to be judged on the content of your essay, not the format that you use to write it. This makes sense as well, as the essay has to be thought out properly, so that it is not plagiarized.The samples do not come with any tutorial for writing an essay, however, if you decide to try to write an essay on your own, you may find this information helpful. It is important to realize that you cannot simply copy and paste what you see here, and rewrite it as you please. You have to make sure that the purpose of the essay is correctly expressed. After all, this is a teaching tool that you have decided to utilize in order to prepare yourself for writing an original essay.The sample essay of ethical situations of narcotic officers can be used for research pu rposes. Research is done through the use of different sample essays. These samples can be used to help people learn more about their state of mind when dealing with certain situations. They can also be used in regards to different topics as well, to help them learn more about how certain topics might affect their state of mind.The sample essay of ethical situations of narcotic officers also serves as an introduction to some of the many subjects that a narcotic officer may encounter while on the job. They provide a wealth of information that will help the reader understand what happens on a daily basis for a narcotic officer. It is beneficial for the reader to be able to learn as much as possible, before they begin their journey through the world of law enforcement.In conclusion, the essay should not be considered to be easy. It will require that the person that is writing the essay makes sure that they understand every topic before they begin. This is why it is so helpful for the wr iter to include a good introduction to the reader to prepare them for their journey in the world of law enforcement.

Yaxchilan - Classic Maya City-State in Mexico

Yaxchilan - Classic Maya City-State in Mexico Yaxchiln is a Classic period Maya site located on the riverbank of the Usamacinta river that borders the two modern countries of Guatemala and Mexico. The site lies within a horseshoe meander on the Mexican side of the river and today the site can only be reached by boat. Yaxchiln was founded in the 5th century AD and reached its maximum splendor in the 8th century AD. Famous for its more than 130 stone monuments, among which include carved lintels and stelae depicting images of royal life, the site also represents one of the most elegant examples of classic Maya architecture. Yaxchiln and Piedras Negras There are many extant and legible inscriptions in Maya hieroglyphs at Yaxchilan, which provide us a nearly unique glimpse into the political history of Maya city-states. At Yaxchilan, for most Late Classic rulers we have dates associated with their births, accessions, battles, and ceremonial activities, as well as their ancestors, descendants, and other kinsmen and companions. Those inscriptions also allude to an ongoing conflict with its neighbor Piedras Negra, located on the Guatemalan side of the Usumacinta, 40 kilometers (25 miles) upriver from Yaxchilan. Charles Gordon and colleagues from the Proyecto Paisaje Piedras Negras-Yaxchilan have combined archaeological data with information from the inscriptions at both Yaxchilan and Piedras Negras, compiling a political history of the intertwined and competing Maya city-states. Early Classic 350-600 AD: Both communities began as small cities during the Early Classic in the 5th and 6th centuries AD, when their royal dynasties were established. As early as the 5th century, a neutral zone existed between Piedras Negras and Yaxchilan that was not controlled by either polity; and warfare was limited to a few, unusual episodes of direct conflict.Late Classic 600-810 AD: During the Late Classic, the neutral zone was repopulated and transformed into a contested frontier. Warfare was most frequent in the 8th century AD  and involved the governors of secondary and tertiary centers loyal to each combatant.Between the 7th and 8th centuries AD, Yaxchiln gained power and independence under the rulers Itzamnaaj B’alam II and his son Bird Jaguar IV. Those rulers extended their dominion over other nearby sites and started an ambitious construction program that included most of what is visible on at Yaxchilan today. At about 808, Piedras Negras lost its ruler to Ya xchilan; but that victory was brief. Terminal Classic 810-950 AD: By 810, both polities were in decline and by AD 930, the region was essentially depopulated. Site Layout Visitors arriving at Yaxchiln for the first time will be mesmerized by the tortuous, dark passageway known as â€Å"the Labyrinth† leading into the main plaza, framed by some of the most important buildings of the site. Yaxchiln is made up of three major complexes: the Central Acropolis, the South Acropolis, and the West Acropolis. The site is built over a high terrace facing the Usumacinta river on the north and extending beyond there into the hills of the Maya lowlands. Main Buildings The heart of Yaxchilan is called the Central Acropolis, which overlooks the main plaza. Here the main buildings are several temples, two ballcourts, and one of the two hieroglyphic stairways. Located in the central acropolis, Structure 33 represents the apex of Yaxchiln architecture and its Classic development. The temple was probably constructed by the ruler Bird Jaguar IV or dedicated to him by his son. The temple, a large room with three doorways decorated with stucco motifs, overlooks the main plaza and stands on an excellent observation point for the river. The real masterpiece of this building is its nearly intact roof, with a high crest or roof comb, a frieze, and niches. The second hieroglyphic stairway leads to the front of this structure. Temple 44 is the main building of the West Acropolis. It was constructed by Itzamnaaj B’alam II around 730 AD to commemorate his military victories. It is decorated with stone panels depicting his war captives. Temple 23 and its Lintels Temple 23  is located on the southern side of the main plaza of Yaxchilan, and it was built about AD 726 and dedicated by the ruler Itzamnaaj B’alam III (also known as Shield Jaguar the Great) [ruled 681-742 AD] to his principal wife Lady K’abal Xook. The single-room structure has three doorways each bearing carved lintels, known as Lintels 24, 25, and 26. A lintel is the load-bearing stone at the top of a doorway, and its massive size and location led the Maya (and other civilizations) to use it as a place to exhibit their skill at decorative carving. Temple 23s lintels were rediscovered in 1886 by the British explorer Alfred Maudslay, who had the lintels cut out of the temple and sent to the British Museum where they are now located. These three pieces are almost unanimously considered among the finest stone reliefs of the entire Maya region. Recent excavations by the Mexican archaeologist Roberto Garcia Moll identified two burials under the temple floor: one of an aged woman, accompanied by a rich offering; and the second of an old man, accompanied by an even richer one. These are believed to be Itzamnaaj Balam III and one of his other wives; Lady Xooks tomb is thought to be in the adjacent Temple 24, because it features an inscription recording the queens death in AD 749. Lintel 24 Lintel 24 is the easternmost of three door lintels above the doorways in Temple 23, and it features a scene of the Maya bloodletting ritual performed by Lady Xook, which took place, according to the accompanying hieroglyphic text, in October of 709 AD. The king Itzamnaaj Balam III is holding a torch above his queen who is kneeling in front of him, suggesting that the ritual is taking place at night or in a dark, secluded room of the temple. Lady Xook is passing a rope through her tongue, after having pierced it with a stingray spine, and her blood is dripping onto bark paper in a basket. The textiles, headdresses and royal accessories are extremely elegant, suggesting the high status of the personages. The finely carved stone relief emphasizes the elegance of the woven cape worn by the queen. The king wears a pendant around his neck portraying the sun god and a severed head, probably of a war captive, adorns his headdress. Archaeological Investigations Yaxchiln was rediscovered by explorers in the 19th century. The famous English and French explorers Alfred Maudslay and Desirà © Charnay visited the ruins of Yaxchilan at the same time and reported their findings to different institutions. Maudslay also made the fist map of the site. Other important explorers and, later on, archaeologists that worked at Yaxchiln were Tebert Maler, Ian Graham, Sylvanus Morely, and, recently, Roberto Garcia Moll. In the 1930s, Tatiana Proskouriakoff studied the epigraphy of Yaxchilan, and on that basis built a history of the site, including a sequence of the rulers, still relied on today. Sources Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst Golden C, and Scherer A. 2013. Territory, trust, growth, and collapse in Classic period Maya kingdoms. Current Anthropology 54(4):397-435.Golden C, Scherer AK, Muà ±oz AR, and Vasquez R. 2008. Piedras Negras and Yaxchilan: Divergent Political Trajectories in Adjacent Maya Polities. Latin American Antiquity 19(3):249-274.Golden CW, Scherer AK, and Muà ±oz AR. 2005. Exploring the Piedras Negras- Yaxchilan Border Zone: Archaeological Investigations in the Sierra del Lacandon, 2004. Mexicon 27(1):11-16.Josserand JK. 2007. The Missing Heir at Yaxchiln: Literary Analysis of a Maya Historical Puzzle. Latin American Antiquity 18(3):295-312.Miller M, and Martin S. 2004. Courtly Art of the Ancient Maya. Fine Arts Museum of San Francisco and Thames and Hudson.ONeil ME. 2011. Object, memory, and materiality at Yaxchilan: The reset lintels of Structures 12 and 22. Ancient Mesoamerica 22(02):245-269.Simon, M, and Grube N. 2000, Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. Thames Hudson, London and New York. Tate C. 1992, Yaxchilan: The Design of a Maya Ceremonial City. University of Texas Press, Austin.

Mackinders Heartland Theory

Mackinders Heartland Theory Sir Halford John Mackinder was a British geographer who wrote a paper in 1904 called The Geographical Pivot of History. Mackinders paper suggested that the control of Eastern Europe was vital to control of the world.  Mackinder postulated the following, which became known as the Heartland Theory: Who rules Eastern Europe commands the HeartlandWho rules the Heartland commands the World IslandWho rules the World Island commands the world The heartland he also referred to as the pivot area and as the core of Eurasia, and he considered all of Europe and Asia as the World Island.   In the age of modern warfare, Mackinders theory is widely considered outdated. At  the time he proposed his theory, he  took into consideration world history only in the context of conflict between land and sea powers. Nations with large navies were at an advantage over those that could not successfully navigate the oceans, Mackinder suggested. Of course, in the modern era, the use of aircraft has greatly changed the ability to control territory and provide defensive capabilities.   The Crimean War Mackinders theory was never fully proven because  no one power in history had actually controlled all three of these regions at the same time. But the Crimean War came close. During this conflict, waged from 1853 to 1856,  Russia fought for control of the Crimean Peninsula, part of Ukraine. But it lost to an allegiance of the French and British, which had more effective naval forces. Russia lost the war even though the Crimean Peninsula  is geographically closer to Moscow than to London or Paris. Possible Influence on Nazi Germany Some historians have conjectured that Mackinders theory may have influenced Nazi Germanys drive to conquer Europe (although there are many who think the eastward push of Germany that led to World War II just happened to coincide with Mackinders heartland theory). The concept of geopolitics (or geopolitik, as Germans called it) was proposed by Swedish political scientist Rudolf Kjellen in 1905. Its focus was political geography  and combined Mackinders heartland theory with Friedrich Ratzels theory on the organic nature of the state. Geopolitical theory was used to justify a countrys attempts to expand based on its own needs.   In the 1920s, German geographer Karl Haushofer used the geopolitik theory to support Germanys invasion of its neighbors, which it viewed as expansion. Haushofer posited that densely populated countries like Germany should be allowed and were entitled to expand and acquire the territory of less-populated countries. Of course, Adolf Hitler held the much worse view that Germany had some kind of moral right to acquire the lands of what he termed lesser races. But  Haushofers geopolitik theory provided support for the expansion of Hitlers Third Reich, using pseudoscience. Other Influences of Mackinders Theory Mackinders theory  also may have influenced Western powers strategic thinking during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the  United States, as the Soviet Union had control over the former East Bloc countries.